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Phenobarbital

CDSCO approved
Barbiturate anticonvulsant
Last reviewed 19 Apr 2026 · PetCare.AI Editorial Team
Species
Dog, Cat
Brands
4 available
Interactions
33 documented
Formulations
6

Mechanism of action

Enhances GABA-A receptor activity by prolonging chloride channel opening; also blocks AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors; first-line antiepileptic drug for dogs

At a glance

Class
Barbiturate anticonvulsant
Schedule
Controlled Substance
Storage
Store below 25°C, protect from light; controlled substance
CDSCO (India)
Vet-approved — 1960-01

Dosing

🐕

Dog

Epilepsy / Seizure disorders
Dose
2–5 mg/kg
Route
PO
Frequency
BID
Max dose
200 mg/dose; 400 mg/day
Duration: Life-long; never stop abruptly
Status epilepticus (acute)
Dose
2–6 mg/kg
Route
IV
Frequency
q15–20min to effect, max 24 mg/kg total
Max dose
240 mg/dose; 960 mg/day
Duration: Acute; transition to oral
🐈

Cat

Epilepsy / Seizure disorders
Dose
1–3 mg/kg
Route
PO
Frequency
BID
Max dose
30 mg/dose; 60 mg/day
Duration: Life-long; never stop abruptly
Educational reference only
This information is provided for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified veterinarian before administering any medication to your pet. Find a vet near you →

Formulations

💊

Tablet — 4

Strength
15mg
Available in India
Strength
30mg
Available in India
Strength
60mg
Available in India
Strength
100mg
Available in India
💉

Injection — 1

Strength
200mg/mL
Available in India
💊

Elixir — 1

Strength
4mg/mL

Storage

Store below 25°C, protect from light; controlled substance

Safety

Absolute contraindications — do not use

  • Severe hepatic disease
    Hepatotoxic and hepatically metabolized

Use with caution

  • Anaemia
    Can cause bone marrow suppression
  • Concurrent hepatotoxic drugs
    Additive hepatotoxicity risk

Adverse effects

Common
Sedation (initial, resolves in 1–2 weeks)
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia/weight gain
Ataxia
Serious
Hepatotoxicity
Bone marrow suppression
Pancreatitis
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis

Monitoring parameters

Serum phenobarbital levels (target 15–40 mcg/mL)Hepatic panel (ALT, ALP, GGT, bile acids) every 6 monthsCBC annuallySeizure diary
Educational reference only
This information is provided for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified veterinarian before administering any medication to your pet. Find a vet near you →

Interactions

Contraindicated — 1

Voriconazole
contraindicated
Phenobarbital potently induces CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, reducing voriconazole levels by 50-80%, rendering antifungal therapy ineffective. Voriconazole also inhibits phenobarbital metabolism.
Management: Avoid combination. If both needed, use alternative antifungal (caspofungin, amphotericin B) or alternative anticonvulsant (levetiracetam — no CYP induction).

Major — 6

Cyclosporine
major
Phenobarbital induces CYP3A4, dramatically reducing cyclosporine blood levels (up to 75% reduction)
Management: Avoid combination if possible. If unavoidable, significantly increase cyclosporine dose and monitor levels.
Cyclosporine (Systemic)
major
Phenobarbital potently induces CYP3A4, dramatically reducing cyclosporine levels (50-75% decrease), potentially causing therapeutic failure.
Management: Increase cyclosporine dose or consider alternative anticonvulsant. Monitor cyclosporine trough levels closely.
Acetaminophen
major
Phenobarbital induces CYP2E1 and CYP1A2, increasing formation of toxic NAPQI metabolite from acetaminophen, dramatically increasing hepatotoxicity risk even at therapeutic doses.
Management: Avoid acetaminophen in patients on phenobarbital. If analgesic needed, use NSAID or opioid instead.
Isoniazid (INH)
major
Isoniazid inhibits CYP enzymes metabolizing phenobarbital, increasing phenobarbital levels and toxicity. Isoniazid is also inherently hepatotoxic — additive liver injury risk.
Management: Monitor phenobarbital levels. Monitor hepatic enzymes closely. May need phenobarbital dose reduction.
Posaconazole
major
Phenobarbital induces CYP3A4, potentially reducing posaconazole levels. Also, posaconazole may inhibit phenobarbital metabolism.
Management: Monitor both drug levels. Antifungal efficacy may be reduced. Consider alternative anticonvulsant or antifungal.
Lomustine (CCNU)
major
Both are hepatotoxic. Phenobarbital causes chronic hepatic enzyme elevation; lomustine causes cumulative hepatotoxicity. Combined: significantly increased risk of fatal hepatic failure.
Management: Monitor hepatic enzymes before every lomustine dose. Consider hepatoprotectants (SAMe, silymarin). If ALT >3x baseline, withhold lomustine. Consider alternative anticonvulsant (levetiracetam — not hepatotoxic).

Moderate — 26

Diazepam
moderate
Additive CNS depression; both are CNS depressants acting on GABA receptors
Management: Expected combination for seizure management. Monitor for excessive sedation. Reduce doses if needed.
Ketoconazole
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic enzymes, reducing ketoconazole levels; ketoconazole may increase phenobarbital levels
Management: Monitor both drug levels. May need dose adjustments.
Levothyroxine
moderate
Phenobarbital increases hepatic metabolism of thyroid hormones, potentially causing falsely low T4 levels
Management: Monitor T4 levels. May need to increase levothyroxine dose. Free T4 by equilibrium dialysis is more reliable.
Chloramphenicol
moderate
Chloramphenicol inhibits hepatic enzymes, increasing phenobarbital levels; phenobarbital may reduce chloramphenicol levels
Management: Monitor phenobarbital levels. Dose adjustments may be needed.
Levetiracetam
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic metabolism, potentially decreasing levetiracetam levels; dose adjustment may be needed
Management: Monitor seizure control closely. May need to increase levetiracetam dose by 30-50% when combined with phenobarbital.
Zonisamide
moderate
Phenobarbital induces CYP3A4, increasing zonisamide clearance and reducing serum levels
Management: Monitor zonisamide levels. May need higher doses when used concurrently with phenobarbital.
Potassium Bromide
moderate
Additive CNS depression; combined use common but requires careful dose titration
Management: Standard combination for refractory epilepsy. Start bromide at lower dose and titrate. Monitor for excessive sedation.
Methadone
moderate
Phenobarbital induces CYP enzymes, increasing methadone metabolism and reducing analgesic efficacy.
Management: May need to increase methadone dose or frequency. Monitor pain scores.
Doxycycline
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic metabolism of doxycycline, reducing doxycycline half-life and efficacy.
Management: Consider using higher doxycycline dose or alternative antibiotic not affected by enzyme induction (amoxicillin, enrofloxacin).
Methimazole
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic metabolism, potentially altering methimazole clearance. Also, phenobarbital lowers total T4 (diagnostic confusion).
Management: Monitor thyroid levels more frequently. Adjust methimazole dose based on T4 response.
Digoxin
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic metabolism, reducing digoxin bioavailability and increasing clearance.
Management: Monitor digoxin levels. May need digoxin dose increase.
Metronidazole
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic CYP enzymes, increasing metronidazole metabolism and reducing its efficacy.
Management: May need to increase metronidazole dose. Monitor clinical response.
Doxorubicin
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic CYP3A4, potentially altering doxorubicin metabolism. Clinical significance in dogs is unclear but theoretical concern for altered drug levels.
Management: Monitor CBC more closely at nadir. Consult veterinary oncologist regarding dose adjustments.
Pregabalin
moderate
Additive CNS depression when combining anticonvulsants. Phenobarbital enzyme induction does not significantly affect pregabalin (renally eliminated), but sedation is additive.
Management: Expected combination for refractory epilepsy. Start pregabalin at lower dose and titrate. Monitor sedation.
Warfarin
moderate
Phenobarbital induces CYP enzymes metabolizing warfarin, reducing anticoagulant effect.
Management: May need warfarin dose increase during phenobarbital therapy. Monitor PT/INR closely when adding or discontinuing phenobarbital.
Mitotane (o,p'-DDD)
moderate
Both are CYP enzyme inducers. Phenobarbital may accelerate mitotane metabolism, reducing its adrenolytic efficacy.
Management: May need higher mitotane dose. Monitor ACTH stimulation test response closely.
Aminophylline
moderate
Phenobarbital induces CYP1A2, increasing theophylline metabolism and reducing therapeutic levels.
Management: May need to increase aminophylline dose. Monitor theophylline levels and clinical response.
Cannabidiol (CBD)
moderate
CBD inhibits CYP2B11 and CYP2C19, reducing phenobarbital metabolism and increasing levels by 10-20%. Also, both cause sedation.
Management: Monitor phenobarbital levels at 2 and 4 weeks after adding CBD. Reduce phenobarbital dose if levels exceed therapeutic range. Monitor for excessive sedation.
Clonazepam
moderate
Additive CNS depression. Phenobarbital induces CYP enzymes metabolizing clonazepam, potentially reducing clonazepam levels.
Management: Standard adjunct anticonvulsant combination. May need higher clonazepam dose with phenobarbital. Monitor sedation.
Lorazepam
moderate
Additive CNS depression. Unlike diazepam, lorazepam is conjugated by glucuronidation (not CYP450), so phenobarbital enzyme induction has minimal effect on lorazepam levels.
Management: Standard anticonvulsant combination. Lorazepam preferred over diazepam when adding to phenobarbital (predictable levels). Monitor sedation.
Quinidine
moderate
Phenobarbital induces CYP3A4, increasing quinidine metabolism and reducing its antiarrhythmic efficacy.
Management: May need higher quinidine dose. Monitor quinidine levels and ECG response.
Dopamine
moderate
Phenobarbital may reduce dopamine's hemodynamic effects through CNS depression and altered autonomic reflexes.
Management: May need higher dopamine infusion rates. Titrate to effect using blood pressure and urine output as endpoints.
Griseofulvin
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic CYP enzymes, increasing griseofulvin metabolism and reducing antifungal efficacy.
Management: May need higher griseofulvin dose. Monitor clinical response. Consider alternative antifungal (itraconazole, terbinafine) not affected by enzyme induction.
Leflunomide
moderate
Phenobarbital induces CYP enzymes, potentially increasing leflunomide metabolism. Leflunomide is also hepatotoxic — additive liver injury risk with phenobarbital.
Management: Monitor hepatic enzymes closely. May need higher leflunomide dose.
Minocycline
moderate
Phenobarbital induces hepatic enzymes, potentially increasing minocycline metabolism (minocycline is more hepatically metabolized than doxycycline).
Management: Monitor clinical response. May need higher minocycline dose.
Topiramate
moderate
Phenobarbital induces CYP3A4, increasing topiramate clearance. May need higher topiramate dose for seizure control.
Management: Monitor seizure frequency. Adjust topiramate dose as needed.
Educational reference only
This information is provided for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified veterinarian before administering any medication to your pet. Find a vet near you →

Brands

International

Luminal
Bayer

India

Gardenal
Sanofi
Phenobarb
Mankind
Epilex
Intas

FAQs

Frequently asked questions

What is Phenobarbital?
Phenobarbital is a barbiturate anticonvulsant used in pets. Enhances GABA-A receptor activity by prolonging chloride channel opening; also blocks AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors; first-line antiepileptic drug for dogs
What is Phenobarbital used for in pets?
Phenobarbital is used in veterinary medicine for: Epilepsy / Seizure disorders; Status epilepticus (acute).
What is the Phenobarbital dose for dogs?
For dogs, Phenobarbital is typically dosed as follows — Epilepsy / Seizure disorders: 2–5 mg/kg PO BID; Status epilepticus (acute): 2–6 mg/kg IV q15–20min to effect, max 24 mg/kg total. Always consult your veterinarian for a dose tailored to your pet's weight, age, and condition.
What is the Phenobarbital dose for cats?
For cats, Phenobarbital is typically dosed as follows — Epilepsy / Seizure disorders: 1–3 mg/kg PO BID. Always consult your veterinarian for a dose tailored to your pet's weight, age, and condition.
What are the side effects of Phenobarbital?
Common: Sedation (initial, resolves in 1–2 weeks), Polydipsia, Polyuria, Polyphagia/weight gain, Ataxia. Serious (call your vet immediately): Hepatotoxicity, Bone marrow suppression, Pancreatitis, Superficial necrolytic dermatitis.
Does Phenobarbital need a prescription?
Phenobarbital is available over the counter. Even so, you should consult your veterinarian before giving any medication to your pet.
When should Phenobarbital not be used?
Do not use Phenobarbital if: Severe hepatic disease.
Educational reference only
This information is provided for educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified veterinarian before administering any medication to your pet. Find a vet near you →

References

References

The PetCare.AI drug reference is built from 13 authoritative sources cited across 580 drug monographs.

Textbooks & handbooks — 5

  • Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook
  • Withrow & MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology
  • Merck Veterinary Manual
  • NRC Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats
  • Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Riviere & Papich)

Clinical guidelines & consensus — 4

  • ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Guidelines
  • AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines
  • ASPCA Poison Control Guidelines
  • RECOVER CPR Guidelines

Journals & peer-reviewed studies — 2

  • EPIC Study (J Vet Intern Med 2016)
  • JVIM FAT CAT Study

Regulatory & approvals — 1

  • CDSCO Veterinary Drug Approval Registry (1969–2026)

Databases — 1

  • Washington State University VCPL MDR1 Database
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